Understanding Leveraged ETFs

Leveraged Exchange Traded Funds are ETFs that are traded on leverage. Leveraged ETFs aim to increase the degree of returns on the investment into that ETF by the use of borrowed funds from the dealer/broker. So rather than a trader trading 100% with his own funds, he can borrow up to 3 to 10 times his own funds from the broker, to invest into an ETF trade. The trader is required to put up an initial margin to act as collateral for the leveraged trade.

The leveraged ETF aims to track an underlying asset for one day. Another type of leveraged ETF, the inverse ETF aims to achieve a reverse result from tracking an underlying asset’s performance, also for one day. The concept of leveraging means that the returns on the ETF is not at parity with the index being tracked, but is actually in multiples according to the factor of leveraging.

How Leveraged ETFs Work

Leveraged ETFs hold more than $30 billion in assets and are programmed to work by daily compounding. The daily schedule of this ETF means that it is an extremely speculative and risky form of ETF investment which is best left for the institutional investors who have plenty of cash to spare. They can also be used as temporary hedge trading instruments.

Leveraged ETFs are by their nature, leveraged instruments. This means they expose the trader to the performance of the index being tracked by a leverage factor. If for instance, an investor is in a leveraged ETF that seeks to triple the returns on an index, a $100 investment will actually give the trader a $300 exposure to the market.

Leveraged ETFs can be traded with long and short positions. The instruments traded with leveraged ETFs are basically options, futures contracts and swap deals. Swap deals require the trader borrowing an asset from a dealer, and trying to profit from a bullish move of the borrowed asset (long swaps), or try to profit from a bearish movement in the swap asset (short swaps).

Leverage is a double-edged sword. While it can magnify profits and make the trader some good money that is way above what he or she would ordinarily have made, it can also be an account killer if used carelessly. When trading a basket of assets which may behave differently individually, it is essential that the trader knows how to trade leveraged ETFs, and the rules of leveraging will definitely have to apply here.

If for instance a particular index being tracked by an inverse leveraged ETF rises by 5% for a day, and the factor of leveraging is X3, the inverse ETF itself will fall by a factor of 15%. So what this means is that if the investor took a long position on the inverse ETF and the index being tracked by that ETF falls by a factor of 8%, the investor will lose 16% on that position using a leveraging factor of X2. This is why leveraging is described as a double-edged sword.

If a trader goes long on a leveraged ETF which offers a X2 leverage, the trader is aiming to make $2 for every $1 invested in the market. So for every increase by a factor of $1 in the closing price of the asset, the dealer pays the trader $2. In an inverse leveraged ETF investment, the dealer pays the trader $2 for every $1 that the asset has dropped in value.

If the trader is short on the leveraged ETF which has a X3 leverage factor, he receives $3 for every $1 that the asset has lost value by the end of the day. In these cases, the trader has benefited from the leveraging that the ETF offers.

However, if the trade suffers a $1 decrease in the closing value of the asset for a long swap, or if the closing value of the asset increased by $1 for a short swap, then the fund will have to pay the counterparty $2 (i.e. double the closing value), and will also have to forgo the cash collateral initially put up to borrow the asset. This is what makes leveraged ETFs particularly risky to trade.

In order for traders to make money from leveraged ETFs, it is essential that the ETF is not held longer than one day, because the returns on investment are calculated on a daily return rate and not on the basis of annual returns. So holding the ETF for more than a day subjects it to intraday vagaries in the market.