CFD indices trading allows investors to speculate on the overall direction of a stock index, such as the FTSE. In this guide, we explain how a CFD index trade works with a detailed example. We also look at strategy considerations, popular indices and the best trading brokers in 2026.
Best CFD Indices Brokers
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Our picks at a glance
- 1 Pepperstone Top score: Platforms 4.8 Info Visit Pepperstone
- 2 XTB Top score: Trust 4.8 Info Visit XTB
- 3 Spreadex Top score: Mobile 4.5 Info Visit Spreadex
- 4 Interactive Brokers Top score: Trust 4.6 Info Visit Interactive Brokers
- 5 IG Top score: Fees 4.5 Info Visit IG
- 6 Trade Nation Top score: Support 4.4 Info Visit Trade Nation
- 7 Eightcap Top score: Mobile 4.6 Info Visit Eightcap
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Our top pick
In our recent assessment, Pepperstone remains a top-tier CFD broker, renowned for its speed and reliability. With execution times averaging 30ms and a remarkable 99.90% fill rate, traders benefit from a smooth experience free from requotes and dealing desk disruptions. Additionally, it offers extensive opportunities with access to more than 1,300 assets.
Pepperstone offers an extensive range of share CFDs from the US, UK, Australian, and European markets. You can trade prominent companies like Tesla, Apple, or Netflix with the option to go long or short. The platform ensures deep liquidity and competitive fees. Additionally, it now supports 24-hour trading on 37 US stock CFDs, allowing traders to react swiftly to earnings announcements and sudden news events.
- FTSE Spread
- 1.0
- GBPUSD Spread
- 0.4
- Leverage
- 1:30 (Retail - UK, EU, Australia), 1:500 (Pro), 1:200 (Offshore), 1:400 (Kenya)
- Stocks Spread
- 0.02
- FCA Regulated
- Platforms
- Pepperstone Trading Platform, MT4, MT5, cTrader, TradingView
CFDs and FX are complex instruments and come with a high risk of losing money rapidly due to leverage. 73-89% of retail investor accounts lose money when trading CFDs.
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XTB provides an extensive range of CFDs, including forex, indices, commodities, stocks, ETFs, and cryptocurrencies, subject to location. EU and UK clients have leverage up to 1:30, whereas global users and pro traders can obtain up to 1:500. XTB excels in offering valuable resources and tutorials for short-term CFD trading strategies.
XTB provides access to 3,548 real shares and 2,042 stock CFDs, featuring well-known companies like Amazon, Barclays, and BMW, all commission-free. The xStation platform enhances the trading experience with robust analytical tools, such as stock scanners, heatmaps, and a range of fundamental data like market capitalisation and P/E ratios.
- FTSE Spread
- 1.8
- GBPUSD Spread
- 1.4
- Leverage
- 1:30
- Stocks Spread
- 0.2%
- FCA Regulated
- Platforms
- xStation
CFDs are complex instruments and come with a high risk of losing money rapidly due to leverage. 74% of retail investor accounts lose money when trading CFDs with this provider. You should consider whether you understand how CFDs work and whether you can afford to take the high risk of losing your money
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Trade CFDs on Spreadex's extensive range of instruments, offering leverage up to 1:30 and competitive spreads. Although spread betting is their unique selling point, the favourable trading conditions and broad market selection make them an excellent option for CFD trading as well.
Engage in trading of numerous global equities via spread betting and CFDs. Spreadex stands out as a rare online broker offering trading options for smaller market cap equities, including those on exchanges like AIM, a segment of the London Stock Exchange.
- FTSE Spread
- 1.0
- GBPUSD Spread
- 0.9
- Leverage
- 1:30
- Stocks Spread
- 0.15%
- FCA Regulated
- Platforms
- Spreadex Platform, TradingView, AutoChartist
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The platform provides access to over 8,000 CFDs across stocks, indices, forex, and commodities. Suited for experienced traders, the TWS platform includes more than 100 order types and algorithms. It also delivers top-tier market data from trusted sources like Reuters and Dow Jones.
IBKR offers access to a vast range of equity products from 24 countries. You can invest directly in stocks for capital growth, dividends, or voting rights. Alternatively, engage in trading price movements with CFDs, futures, and over 13,000 ETFs. In 2024, IBKR expanded its European derivatives by including trading on CBOE Europe Derivatives (CEDX).
- FTSE Spread
- 0.005% (£1 Min)
- GBPUSD Spread
- 0.08-0.20 bps x trade value
- Leverage
- 1:30
- Stocks Spread
- 0.003
- FCA Regulated
- Platforms
- Trader Workstation (TWS), IBKR Desktop, GlobalTrader, Mobile, Client Portal, AlgoTrader, OmniTrader, TradingView, eSignal, TradingCentral, ProRealTime, Quantower
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IG provides over 17,000 CFDs, giving traders more opportunities than most brokers. Investors can trade long or short on key markets such as equities, forex, commodities, and cryptocurrencies. Additionally, customised price alerts and the IG Academy enrich the trading experience.
IG provides access to over 13,000 shares for trading and investment, surpassing most rivals in the number of listed firms. The broker stands out with its zero commission policy on US shares. Additionally, out-of-hours trading unlocks more than 70 shares, alongside popular ETFs and trusts, even when markets are shut. They have also introduced an AI Index, highlighting opportunities in leading US firms specialising in artificial intelligence and machine learning, like Nvidia.
- FTSE Spread
- 1.0
- GBPUSD Spread
- 0.9
- Leverage
- 1:30 (Retail), 1:222 (Pro)
- Stocks Spread
- 0.02
- FCA Regulated
- Platforms
- Web, L2 Dealer, MT4, TradingView, AutoChartist, TradingCentral, ProRealTime
Spread bets and CFDs are complex instruments and come with a high risk of losing money rapidly due to leverage. 70% of retail investor accounts lose money when trading spread bets and CFDs with this provider. You should consider whether you understand how spread bets and CFDs work, and whether you can afford to take the high risk of losing your money.
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Trade leveraged CFDs on 1,000+ assets, benefiting from competitive spreads. Utilise the broker's integrated signals to decide optimal entry and exit points.
Access shares across the UK, Europe, and Asia with a wide array of flexible deposit options. The broker offers valuable educational resources to help you craft solid strategies and enhance your stock analysis skills.
- FTSE Spread
- From 0.4
- GBPUSD Spread
- From 0.6
- Leverage
- 1:30
- Stocks Spread
- Variable
- FCA Regulated
- Platforms
- TN Trader, MT4, TradingView
67.3% of retail investor accounts lose money when trading CFDs with this provider.
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Eightcap provides an extensive selection of trading options with over 800 CFDs covering equities, indices, bonds, commodities, and digital currencies, subject to regional availability. Traders can access leverage ranging from 1:30 to 1:500. The platform is distinguished by its sophisticated tools, including an AI-powered economic calendar that tracks over 25 countries with filters for varying impact levels. Despite these strengths, Eightcap's selection of commodities, especially softs such as cotton and wheat, along with its range of precious metals and energy assets, remains limited and could benefit from further development.
Eightcap provides over 590 shares from the US, Australia, and Europe alongside a select range of indices, such as the Dow Jones and FTSE. Their Labs include first-rate educational resources, especially the ‘Navigating Stock Market Volatility’ guide. However, they do not yet offer fractional shares for budget traders, unlike brokers like XTB.
- FTSE Spread
- 1.2
- GBPUSD Spread
- 0.1
- Leverage
- 1:30
- Stocks Spread
- 0.03 (Apple Inc)
- FCA Regulated
- Platforms
- MT4, MT5, TradingView, TradeLocker
Services are provided subject to applicable laws and regulations. Certain products, services, instruments, platforms or payment methods may not be available to residents of certain jurisdictions.
Compare
Safety Comparison
Compare how safe the CFD Indices Trading are and what features they offer to protect traders.
Payments Comparison
Compare which popular payment methods the CFD Indices Trading support and whether they have trading accounts denominated in British Pounds (GBP).
Mobile Trading Comparison
How good are the CFD Indices Trading at mobile trading using apps or other mobile interfaces.
Beginners Comparison
Are the CFD Indices Trading good for beginner traders, that might want an affordable setup to get started, along with good support and educational resources?
Advanced Trading Comparison
Do the CFD Indices Trading offer features that allow for more advanced trading strategies?
Detailed Rating Comparison
Use this heatmap to compare our detailed ratings for all of the CFD Indices Trading.
Our Take On Pepperstone
Pepperstone excels in trading with tight spreads, swift execution, and advanced charting for seasoned traders. Beginners enjoy zero minimum deposit, comprehensive educational materials, and outstanding 24/5 support, including 18-hour weekend assistance.
Tobias Robinson Reviewer
Pros
- Support for top-tier charting platforms such as MT4, MT5, TradingView, and cTrader. These tools accommodate different short-term trading methods, including algorithmic trading.
- Pepperstone offers pre-IPO perpetual futures, adding Anthropic in October 2026, enabling 24/7 speculation on expected share prices through cash-settled CFDs.
- In recent years, Pepperstone has significantly enhanced the deposit and withdrawal process. By 2025, clients can use Apple Pay and Google Pay, while 2024 saw the introduction of PIX and SPEI for customers in Brazil and Mexico.
Cons
- Overnight holding fees exceed those of some Market Maker brokers (typically Benchmark + 2.5%). Pepperstone suits traders and forex scalpers well but is less ideal for swing traders who keep positions open overnight.
- Execution might not appear as dependable in rapid markets as headline speeds imply. Our tests showed swift execution at targeted prices. However, community feedback highlights concerns over slippage, stop-loss fills, and order triggers sensitive to spreads amid volatility.
- Although the market range has expanded, crypto CFD options remain somewhat restricted, especially when compared to specialised brokers like Eightcap. Additionally, there is no facility to invest in actual cryptocurrencies.
73-89% of retail investor accounts lose money when trading CFDs with this provider.
Our Take On XTB
XTB excels for novice traders with its superb xStation platform, minimal trading costs, no required deposit, and outstanding educational resources, many of which are fully integrated into the platform.
William Berg Reviewer
Pros
- In 2026, XTB expanded its asset offerings and markets. It introduced options trading in Spain and Germany, launched spot cryptocurrencies in select regions, and unveiled Investment Plans 2.0. These enhanced plans now feature more pre-built options, including sectors like Defence, a user-friendly interface, and increased flexibility to mix stocks and ETFs within individual plans.
- The xStation platform stands out with its user-friendly design and intuitive tools, such as adaptable news feeds, sentiment heatmaps, and a trader calculator. These features streamline the learning process for new traders.
- XTB offers a superb array of educational resources, such as training videos and articles, embedded within the platform to assist traders of all experience levels.
Cons
- XTB lacks a raw spread account, a feature increasingly offered by competitors such as Pepperstone. This omission might not satisfy traders seeking the most competitive spreads.
- The demo account lasts only four weeks, posing a challenge for traders wanting to fully explore the xStation platform and refine short-term strategies before investing actual money.
- XTB has stopped supporting MT4, restricting traders to its own platform, xStation. This decision may discourage experienced traders accustomed to using the MetaTrader suite.
74% of accounts lose money when trading CFDs with this provider.
Our Take On Spreadex
Spreadex attracts UK traders keen on spread betting in financial markets and traditional sports wagers. It offers low fees for short trades, and spread bet profits are tax-free. With a robust charting platform and no minimum deposit, it's easy to begin.
Tobias Robinson Reviewer
Pros
- Spreadex has integrated Autochartist-powered trading signals into its desktop platform. This offers real-time, pattern-based insights aimed at assisting active traders in spotting potential opportunities.
- During live trials near London, Spreadex exhibited 120–200ms round-trip latency across over 50 FTSE and EUR/USD trades. There were no requotes, and slippage remained largely controlled under normal market conditions.
- Over 10,000 instruments and superior access to AIM small-caps are available, including exclusive offerings not found with larger brokers. This provides UK-centric traders with enhanced opportunities in niche small-cap configurations.
Cons
- Spreadex requires real funds initially, offering no demo accounts. Few spread betting brokers neglect to accommodate new traders in this manner.
- CFDs, financial spread bets, sports, and casino activities are combined in one account balance. For serious traders, this means non-trading losses can immediately decrease the margin for trading positions.
- Execution is satisfactory, though not top-tier. Tests showed 0.2–0.4 pip slippage in stable liquid markets, but news-induced volatility increased some fills to around 1 pip. Thinner AIM stocks often experienced 2–4 point slippage.
Our Take On Interactive Brokers
Interactive Brokers ranks highly for seasoned traders due to its robust charting platforms, live data, and bespoke layouts via the new IBKR Desktop app. Its competitive pricing and sophisticated order choices appeal to traders, and its wide equity options are industry-leading.
Tobias Robinson Reviewer
Pros
- IBKR is a highly respected brokerage, regulated by top-tier authorities, ensuring the integrity and security of your trading account.
- Interactive Brokers has introduced a single platform linking prediction markets on Kalshi, CME Group, and ForecastEx. Users can trade yes/no contracts on political, economic, and climate events, with fixed $1 payouts. Enjoy 24/6 market access and earn interest on eligible positions.
- The TWS platform is tailored for intermediate and advanced traders, featuring over 100 order types and a dependable real-time market data feed with exceptional uptime.
Cons
- TWS has a steep learning curve, making it difficult for newcomers to navigate and grasp its features.
- IBKR offers a variety of research tools, but their inconsistent placement across trading platforms and the 'Account Management' webpage creates a confusing experience for users.
- Support can be sluggish and frustrating. Tests reveal that you may face challenges reaching customer service quickly, which could result in delays in issue resolution.
Our Take On IG
IG offers a complete package: an easy-to-use web platform, top-tier beginner education, enhanced charting via TradingView, up-to-date data, and strong trade execution for seasoned traders.
Tobias Robinson Reviewer
Pros
- IG excels with its diverse instruments, offering stocks, forex, indices, commodities, and cryptocurrencies. Additionally, it provides US-listed futures, options, and an AI Index, ensuring varied diversification opportunities.
- IG plans to broaden its offering with prediction markets on politics, sport and entertainment in the UK, subject to a gambling licence, with further regions potentially to follow.
- IG secured a crypto asset license from the FCA, enabling its return to the UK market. It now offers buying, selling, and storage services for over 55 digital tokens with fees starting at 1.49%, all under FCA regulation.
Cons
- Beginners may find IG's fees complicated, as they vary depending on the trades or services. This could cause confusion and unexpected costs.
- IG has ended its swap-free account, diminishing its attractiveness to Islamic traders.
- IG imposes a monthly inactivity fee of $12 to $18 after two years, discouraging occasional investors.
70% of retail investor accounts lose money when trading CFDs with this provider. You should consider whether you can afford to take the high risk of losing your money.
Our Take On Trade Nation
Trade Nation caters to discretionary traders aiming to speculate on major indices like the US 500 or liquid FX pairs, with the certainty of fixed spreads. Our tests revealed the TN Trader's fixed spreads to be advantageous, especially during economic announcements, thanks to its dependable charting and capped spreads.
Tobias Robinson Reviewer
Pros
- Trade Nation's 2026 alliance with Volt has streamlined payments for Australian traders, enabling instant deposits and withdrawals via PayID. Faster payout features are also anticipated for UK and EU clients.
- The broker expanded into Europe after receiving CMVM approval in Portugal, enhancing protections for European clients.
- During tests of the TN Trader account in standard market conditions, fixed spreads remained stable. Major forex pairs experienced prompt order fills, albeit with slight entry level drift as prices fluctuated between click and execution.
Cons
- Offshore SCB and FSA firms offer retail investors leverage up to 1:200 and 1:500. In contrast, regions like the UK, Europe, and Australia cap leverage at 1:30. Thus, an FSA client can access 16 times more exposure than a UK retail client on identical trades. However, this comes with reduced oversight and no compensation schemes.
- The FCA, CMVM, and ASIC clients are ineligible for the 2–20% rebate scheme. Consequently, active traders in these areas cannot receive transaction rebates.
- There is no raw or ECN pricing tier, often favoured by traders. Regardless of your deposit or trading volume, you receive the same fixed (or variable on MT4) pricing as novices, rendering it particularly unsuitable for scalpers.
67.3% of retail investor accounts lose money when trading CFDs with this provider.
Our Take On Eightcap
Eightcap excels for traders, offering diverse charting platforms, educational Labs, and AI tools. With over 120 crypto CFDs, it stands out in crypto trading and has won our 'Best Crypto Broker' award twice consecutively.
William Berg Reviewer
Pros
- Eightcap has excelled in all essential trading areas, surpassing all rivals to clinch our 'Best Overall Broker' award for 2024. It also earned the titles of 'Best Crypto Broker' and 'Best TradingView Broker' for 2025.
- In 2026, Eightcap integrated TradeLocker in select areas, establishing itself as the premier regulated broker for this platform. It continues to offer ultra-fast execution and competitive fees for active traders using the charting software.
- Eightcap has launched GOLD247, offering 24/7 gold/USD CFD trading with up to 1:20 leverage, 0.01-lot minimums and zero commission for weekend gold traders.
Cons
- Despite the growing range of tools available, Eightcap lacks popular industry resources such as Autochartist and Trading Central. These provide advanced charting analytics, live news, and essential market insights for traders focused on short-term strategies.
- Eightcap must enhance its range of over 800 instruments to rival top competitors like Blackbull Markets, which offers 26,000+ assets, especially improving its limited commodities selection.
- The demo account is available for 30 days, after which it requires a request for extension. This is less convenient than XM's offering, which provides an unlimited demo mode.
71.28% of retail traders lose money when trading CFDs
Contracts For Difference
CFD trading involves a buyer and seller agreeing to pay the difference between the price of an asset at the time of purchase and the value at the contract’s expiry, or when the holder decides to sell. CFDs essentially allow speculation on price movements without taking ownership of the underlying asset, for example, stocks on the FTSE 100.
There are two ways of making a profit with CFDs; going long or going short. If a trader anticipates a price increase, they should go long, and if they anticipate a price fall, they should go short.
Importantly, CFDs are usually traded with leverage. This means an investor can bolster their purchasing power by taking a loan from their online broker. Most FCA-regulated trading platforms offer leverage up to 1:30. So if a trader deposits £10, they can trade with £300. This will amplify the trader’s potential profits and potential losses.
How CFD Indices Trading Works
Indices measure the aggregate performance of a pool of underlying stocks, the value of which fluctuates depending on how the individual assets perform. As an alternative to spot trading, index CFDs allow investors to trade based on a broader picture of an economy or sector, such as energy, manufacturing, or financial services.
For example, if following a general election, a trader anticipates that the UK economy will see an uptick, they could capitalise on this prediction by going long with a CFD on the FTSE.
On the other hand, if a trader believes that the country is heading for recession following high inflation and a cost of living crisis, a trader could go short with a CFD on the FTSE.

Trade Example
To understand how trading CFD indices works, let’s look at an example…
The FTSE 100 is currently valued at 7,500. However, a trader expects an upcoming announcement from the Bank of England will signal a boost to the country’s economy, and as a result, they expect the FTSE to rise.
With this in mind, the investor buys 20 FTSE 100 contracts. Each contract is equal to £10 per point, meaning that for each upward point of movement, the trader will make £200 (20 contracts X £10). Equally, for every downward point of movement, the trader will lose £200.
Two days later, following the positive announcement from the Bank of England, the FTSE is trading at 7,550, a 5-point increase. The trader decides to close their position, taking £1000 in profit (5 X £200).
It’s worth pointing out that traders will also need to minus any overnight financing fees, plus commission charges from their overall profit figure.
Benefits Of Trading CFD Indices
- Leverage allows traders to boost potential profits
- Less risk of dramatic price fluctuations because overall price changes are influenced by a variety of assets
- Trading CFD indices can suit a hedging strategy where the investor is looking to offset an existing long position
- Enables portfolio diversification, providing access to multiple industries, from pharmaceuticals to real estate and technology
Drawbacks Of Trading CFD Indices
- Traders do not own underlying stocks when trading CFD indices, so investors won’t receive dividend payments or have voting rights
- Trading on margin can magnify losses. Fortunately, most FCA-regulated brokerages cap leverage to 1:30 and offer negative balance protection, meaning clients cannot lose more than their account balance
Popular Indices
Some of the most popular indices for trading CFDs include:
- FTSE 100: Share index of the 100 companies with the highest market capitalisation listed on the London Stock Exchange
- S&P 500: Stock market index of the 500 largest companies listed on exchanges in the United States
- DAX 40: Stock market index of the 40 companies with the highest market capitalisation and liquidity listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange
- Nasdaq 100: Index of 100 non-financial businesses with the highest market capitalisation listed on the Nasdaq Stock Exchange
- Nikkei 225: Price-weighted index of 225 blue-chip companies with the highest market capitalisation listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
- Euro Stoxx 50: Index composed of 50 stocks from 11 Eurozone countries
These stock indexes are available at many of the top brokers. Their popularity also means there is a wealth of market insights and data available online to support investment decisions.

How Prices Are Calculated
Market Capitalisation Method
Stocks in an index are weighted based on the company’s market capitalisation (share price X number of outstanding shares). This means the performance of larger companies has more impact on the overall index value. These companies typically play a larger role in the market in terms of profits and employment figures.
The S&P 500 is the most popular market cap-weighted index. It is considered a gauge for the overall financial health of the United States as well as the wider world.
Price Weighted Method
Each stock is weighted based on the share price of the companies listed. Companies with a higher share price hold more weight and have a greater overall impact on the index. In these types of indices, the value of the index is proportionate to the average stock price of listed companies.
The Nikkei 225 is a popular index that uses the price weighted method and is a good option for investors looking to track the average price performance of a particular sector.
Unweighted
Here, securities within an index have equal weight. These types of indices are less common, but one example is the S&P 500 Equal Weight Index (EWI), which is formed of the same companies listed on the S&P 500, but each one has an equal weight of 0.2%. This will suit traders looking for smaller companies with lower share prices and market caps but which will still have an equal impact on the value of an index.
Importantly, how prices are calculated can impact the overall value of an index. For example, the price of the S&P 500 EWI increased by almost 5.62% from June to July 2022, compared to a 5.93% rise in the weighted S&P 500 during the same period.
Getting Started Trading CFD Indices
- Open an account with a broker: Investors will need to sign up with a brokerage that offers CFD indices trading. Popular examples include VantageFX. Look at commissions, overnight financing charges, plus deposit and withdrawal fees. Also look at the platform offered and any mobile apps. Do they provide access to the popular MetaTrader 4 terminal, for example?
- Select an index: Choose an index you have a good grasp of and insights into. British traders may want to speculate on the FTSE 100 or FTSE 250. Alternatively, investors may want to make predictions on major US indices, such as the Dow Jones 30 and S&P 500.
- Go long or short: Following technical and/or fundamental analysis, choose which direction you believe the price will go (increase or decrease). Depending on the anticipated price change, go long or go short.
- Select the number of units: How large a position do you want to take when CFD trading? Check how many GBP per point movement you will get from the broker. And remember, leverage can help boost your position size but losses can also quickly accumulate.
- Add risk management tools: Implementing a stop loss order means that if the price of the index falls to a predetermined level, the platform will automatically close out your position, limiting potential losses. Equally, a take-profit order will automatically close a position when you have locked in a certain level of profit.
Bottom Line On Trading CFD Indices
CFD indices trading can be an effective way to diversify investment portfolios. They allow traders to speculate on the performance of individual economies and industries. The leverage element of CFDs also means that beginner traders can make potentially large profits with limited capital outlay.
Choose from our list of recommended brands to get started trading CFD indices.
FAQs
When Is The Best Time To Trade CFD Indices?
Each index has its own trading hours. For example, the FTSE 100 opens at 08:00 am and closes at 04:30 pm GMT each day. There are also specific periods where indices see the most volume and volatility, typically between 01:30 pm and 02:30 pm GMT. This is when the UK market crosses over with other major trading jurisdictions.
Is Trading CFD Indices Risky?
Investing is inherently risky. Most investors lose money when trading retail CFDs in the UK. With that said, there are risk management strategies and precautions that traders can take, including using stop-loss orders and take-profit orders. Check which risk alerts and tools an online broker offers before opening an account.
Is CFD Indices Trading Legal In The UK?
Trading CFDs on indices is legal in the United Kingdom. The best brokers are regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and provide a secure investing environment. Avoid firms that aren’t regulated by the FCA.
What Are The Best Indices To Trade CFDs?
Each index has its own merits and drawbacks. With that said, popular indexes that offer decent price action and exposure to some of the world’s largest economies include the FTSE 100, S&P 500, DAX 40, Nasdaq 100, Nikkei 225, and Euro Stoxx 50.
How Can You Make Money From Going Short With CFDs On Indices?
Going short on a CFD index is where you anticipate a price drop. You essentially ‘borrow’ CFDs on the chosen index and sell at the current price. You then buy at the new, lower price (this is where the profit is made), before returning to the lender.






